Experimental study of hysteresis and catastrophe in a cavity-based scramjet combustor

Hystereses and catastrophes were experimentally investigated in a cavity-based scramjet combustor. The inflow Mach number was 3.0. Fuel Equivalence Ratio (ER) was continuously regulated with multi-steps to explore influences of historical regulation directions on combustion states. Two divided hysteresis loops with catastrophes were observed. By 1-D flow estimations, the first loop occurred with shock-free/separated scramjet mode transitions, while the second kept in the separated scramjet mode. This breaks through the traditional knowledge that hysteresis and catastrophe were certainly related to ramjet/scramjet mode transitions. The first hysteresis and catastrophes were attributed to flame stabilization mode transitions between the cavity shear-layer stabilized and the jet-wake stabilized, with flow separation establishment/vanishment upstream the cavities. The obvious variations of flame and shock/separation structures meant large wall-pressure changes in the expansive duct, and generated obvious thrust catastrophes. Besides, transition ER and catastrophe were larger in historical ER-increasing path because combustion efficiency became obviously larger as flow separation established. Difference of critical transition ERs meant the first hysteresis. The second hysteresis and catastrophes in the jet-wake stabilized mode were attributed to flame/shock interaction mode transitions between the flame/shock weak interaction mode and intensive interaction mode. Each transition caused slightly stronger/weaker flame interacting with slightly larger/smaller flow separation, which meant small wall-pressure changes in the expansive duct, and thus thrust catastrophe was unobvious. Hysteresis occurred as the critical transition ER was slightly higher in historical ER-increasing path because of slightly lower combustion efficiency under slightly smaller separation.     

Full mode flight dynamics modelling and control of stopped-rotor UAV

The Stopped-Rotor (SR) UAV combines the advantages of vertical take-off and landing of helicopter and high-speed cruise of fixed-wing aircraft. At the same time, it also has a unique aerodynamic layout, which leads to great differences in the control and aerodynamic characteristics of various flight modes, and brings great challenges to the flight dynamics modelling and control in full-mode flight. In this paper, the flight dynamics modelling and control method of SR UAV in full-mode flight is studied. First, based on the typical flight profile of SR UAV when performing missions, using the theory and method of fuzzy mathematics, the T-S flight dynamics model of SR UAV in full-mode flight is established by synthesizing the flight dynamics model of each flight mode. Then, an explicit model tracking and parameter adjusting control system based on fuzzy theory is designed to enhance the stability of the inner loop of SR UAV in full-mode flight, which effectively reduces the coupling between axes and improves the control quality of the system. Finally, the outer loop control system is designed by using classical control method, and the control law of SR UAV in full-mode automatic flight is obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed control system design method is feasible and effective, which lays a solid foundation for the subsequent engineering implementation of the SR UAV.     

随机扰动下的航天器姿轨保持自抗扰控制

空间飞行器在轨运行过程中除受空间摄动外，还因飞行器任务需要产生随机扰动力和扰动力矩。针对空间飞行器受随机扰动产生的耦合运动控制问题，提出了利用自抗扰方法进行轨道保持和姿态稳定的控制方法。通过引入二阶线性扩展状态观测器，对系统总扰动和状态进行观测。结合PD控制方法结合总扰动前馈补偿，克服空间主要摄动及飞行器本身产生的随机扰动，实现轨道保持和姿态稳定。仿真试验结果表明:该方法可以有效克服总扰动的影响，实现姿轨协同控制。     

一种基于Star算法的多路视频稳像方法研究

目前，基于特征点匹配的稳像算法中存在特征点提取速度慢、误匹配率高，以及多目相机的多路视频稳像太过耗时、实时性不好的问题，提出了一种基于Star特征点提取算法的多路视频快速稳像方法。首先采用Star算法提取视频当前帧特征点，然后采用光流法结合当前帧特征点信息跟踪预测下一帧对应的特征点，以加快特征点提取速度，同时减少所提取的特征点错误匹配率。通过对匹配的特征点求取相应的仿射变换矩阵获取帧间运动矢量，进而采用卡尔曼滤波器对帧间运动矢量进行滤波处理，以滤除其中的相机随机抖动矢量并保留相机的主观运动矢量。最后依据滤波后的运动矢量进行图像补偿得到稳定的图像序列。针对复眼导引头存在的多路视频抖动情况，基于OpenMP并行开发库，利用多核处理器的优势，实现了多路抖动视频的并行实时稳像。所设计的数字稳像算法在PC平台下对4路抖动视频（OTB100的BlurCar系列视频，分辨率为640×480，帧率为30 FPS）并行稳像的结果参数为：峰值信噪比 （Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio，PPSNR）平均提升了4.62 dB，单帧耗时平均为14.51 ms。经仿真实验证实，算法的计算效率和特征点匹配正确率高，可实现多路输入视频的实时稳像。     

Lean blowout characteristics of spray flame in a multi-swirl staged combustor under different fuel decreasing rates

Lean Blow Out (LBO) poses a significant safety hazard when occurring in aero-engines. Understanding the lower stability limits of gas turbine combustors and the characteristics of spray flame close to LBO are imperative for safe operation. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector on LBO performances in a multi-swirl staged combustor equipped with an airblast injector. A set of hardware and control system was developed to realize a user-defined fuel supply law. High-speed imaging was applied to record complete LBO processes under the conditions of linear fuel reduction and stable airflow. Partical Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Mie (PMie) scattering were used to acquire the flow fields and spray fields under non-reacting conditions. Experimental results have shown that LBO limits extend to leaner conditions as the pressure drop of the injector increases. With an increase of the fuel decreasing rate, the exhaust temperature before flame extinction increases, and the LBO Fuel-to-Air-Ratio (FAR) decreases. The time evolution of the integral CH* intensity conforms to a linear function during the LBO process. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of lean-burn flames. Under different fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector, flames close to LBO present similar modal spatial distributions, alternately appearing axial, radial, high-order axial, and high-order radial oscillations.     

Optimal trajectory design accounting for the stabilization of linear time-varying error dynamics

This study is dedicated to the development of a direct optimal control-based algorithm for trajectory optimization problems that accounts for the closed-loop stability of the trajectory tracking error dynamics already during the optimization. Consequently, the trajectory is designed such that the Linear Time-Varying(LTV) dynamic system, describing the controller’s error dynamics, is stable, while additionally the desired optimality criterion is optimized and all enforced constraints on the traje...     

锥形预混火焰羽流脱落过程的实验诊断

为了研究锥形预混火焰的羽流脱落特性，以丙烷-空气预混火焰为实验对象，通过粒子图像测速技术对锥形预混火焰的羽流速度场进行了实验研究，动态模态分解法对得到的速度场进行了模态分解和主要特征重构还原。同时采用光电倍增器对火焰热释放强度信号进行实时采集,采用双热电偶法对然后热气体的温度进行了重建。结果表明在浮力诱导下燃尽气体与周围环境空气相互剪切形成剪切层（BSL）， BSL 的 KH 不稳定性诱导产生了涡，涡作用于燃尽区附近的流场，扰动传至火焰面附近区域，与火焰剪切层（FSL）的 DL 不稳定性耦合，表现为火焰面的脉动和火焰热释放率的脉动。通过近红外自发光成像得到的热气体自发光强度与温度信号有较强的相关性，热气体呈现出与速度场相似的周期性传播模式，为研究预混火焰的羽流脱落特性提供了新的思路。     

复合材料面板阻燃抗菌防霉性能

采用热熔法制备抗菌防霉预浸料,并对其力学性能、燃烧产物、阻燃性能以及抗菌防霉性能进行了系统的评价。结果表明:复合材料面板的燃烧产物中CO、HF、HCl、NOx、SO2、HCN等6种毒性气体含量均远远低于标准;阻燃性能优异,无火焰穿透,无熔融物滴落,且平均自熄时间大都为0 s;防霉性能均为0级;抗菌性能随着抗菌防霉剂含量的增大而增强,其中当抗菌防霉剂含量≥2%性能随着抗菌防霉剂的添加呈下降趋势,为了兼顾力学性能与抗菌性能,创新设计不同抗菌防霉剂分布而保持平均含量不变的复合材料面板,对比抗菌性能结果发现将抗菌防霉剂含量高的预浸料分布在表面时得到的复合材料面板拥有最优异的抗菌性能,成功实现结构生物安全一体化。